Nuclear Resonance Group ID18 and ID22N at ESRF, Grenoble, France

<BODY> <div align="center"> <h1><font color="#0000cc">Nuclear Resonance Group <br> Beamlines ID18 / ID22N at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)</font></h1> </div> <hr> Remark: <font size="-1">This page uses frames. For best results it should be viewed with a browser of version 4 or higher; (tested using Internet Explorer 5 and Netscape Comunicator 4.76) To view this page with frames, please update your browser by connecting to the web sites of Microsoft or Netscape and download a current version of either <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/default.htm">Microsoft Internet Explorer</a> or <a href="http://www.netscape.com/computing/download/index.html">Netscape Navigator</a>.<br> It may be possible to view some of the information available, even without frames, by using the <a href="#Anchor-Inde-43819">index</a> to these pages.</font> <hr> <h2><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="black">Experimental techniques</font></h2> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Nuclear resonance scattering (NRS) of synchrotron radiation describes a </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>wide spectrum of different experimental techniques</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, such as:</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="pages/technique/nfs/tech_nfs0.html">nuclear forward scattering (NFS)</a>, </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear Bragg diffraction (NBD), </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear small angle scattering (NSAS), </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear reflectometry (NR), </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear quasi-elastic scattering (NQES), </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="pages/technique/tech_nis.html">nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS)</a>, </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">quasi-elastic and inelastic scattering<br> with nuclear resonance energy analysis. </font> </ul> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b><font color="#cc0000">Especially applications to samples under extreme conditions</font></b> like high pressure, low/high temperature, high external magnetic field, confined geometries or tiny samples benefit most from the outstanding properties of synchrotron radiation.</font></p> <hr> <h2><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="black">Scientific topics</font></h2> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>scientific topics</b></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> being studied may rough</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">ly divided into hyperfine spectroscopy and (structural) dynamics.</font></p> <ul> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>hyperfine spectroscopy</b></font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">comprises the investigation of static and dynamic magnetic and electric properties such as electron densities, fields and field gradients of magnetic or electric origin.<br> <br> </font> <ul> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">In transmission geometry poly- and single crystalline samples and amorphous specimens can be investigated by </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><nobr><a href="pages/technique/nfs/tech_nfs0.html">nuclear forward scattering (NFS)</a></nobr></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">.</font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Surfaces, interfaces and multilayers will be investigated using </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear reflectometry (NR)</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. </font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Single crystals allow one to determine<br> in addition the electric and magnetic structure by<br> </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear Bragg diffraction (NBD)</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. </font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Magnetic and electric domains,<br> domains with roughness are accessible by<br> </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear small angle scattering (NSAS)<br> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> </font> </ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>structural</b> <b>dynamics<br> </b></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">comprises the investigation of element specific<br> <br> </font> <ul> <li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">density of phonon states (DOS) and</font> <li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">diffusion </font> </ul> <font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">by </font> <ul> <li><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="pages/technique/tech_nis.html">nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS)</a></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and </font> <li><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear quasi-elastic scattering (NQES)</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">.<br> <br> </font> </ul> <font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Structural dynamics of "non-resonant" samples are accessible </font> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">for DOS via inelastic scattering<br> with nuclear resonance energy analysis and </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">for diffusion etc. via time interferometry.<br> <br> </font> </ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>Basic and fundamental research</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> as longitudinal coherence, interferometry, nuclear and electronic interference, features of nuclear diffraction. </font> </ul> <hr> <h2><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">History</font></h2> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Theoretical principles of nuclear resonant scattering were worked out just after the discovery of the Mössbauer effect<br> (for a review see </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" size="-1"><a href="pages/publ/index.html">[Hyp.Int.123(2000)3]</a></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">).</font></p> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><nobr>S.L. Ruby</nobr> suggested in 1974 that synchrotron radiation could be used for a resonant excitation of nuclei. In the following years the theory of nuclear resonant scattering was developed by <nobr>Yu.M. Kagan</nobr>. Only ten years later - in 1984 - the first successful experimental proof of nuclear resonance scattering with synchrotron radiation was reported </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" size="-1"><a href="pages/publ/index.html">[Phys.Rev.Lett.54(1985)835]</a>. </font></p> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The NRS project was one of the early scientific cases for the conception of the European synchrotron radiation source </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" size="-1"><nobr><a href="pages/publ/index.html">[ESRF Foundation Phase Report, Feb 1987]</a></nobr></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. </font></p> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Consequently, the</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"> <b>ESRF machine</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has been designed with</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">an electron energy of <nobr>E<sub>e</sub> = 6 GeV</nobr> in order to reach<br> </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">a photon energy of <nobr>E<font size="2" face="Symbol">g</font></nobr></font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><nobr> = 14.412487(3) keV</nobr><br> (the transition energy of the <sup>57</sup>Fe resonance)<br> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">in the fundamental of an undulator with 20 mm gap, </font> </ul> <font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">and </font> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">a </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">proper timing structure</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> in order to observe<br> the 'delayed' </font><font size="3" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">g</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">-rays of the </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">nuclear decay</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> following the </font><font color="#0000cc" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">excitation of the nuclear levels</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">by the synchrotron radiation pulse. </font> </ul> <hr> <h2><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Demands on the Beamline </font></h2> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The design goal of the </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#cc0000"><b>nuclear resonance beamline</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><br> is described by the following points:</font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#99ffff"> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div align="left"> <font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">High brilliant hard x-ray beam with<br> for the excitation of the nuclear levels<br> of Mössbauer isotopes (see <a href="pages/technique/moess/tech_isotopes.html">details</a>)<br> </font></div> </td> <td valign="top" align="right"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">E<sub><font face="Symbol" size="2">g</font></sub></font><font size="3" face="Symbol"> =</font></td> <td valign="top"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">6 ... 30 keV<br> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"></td> <td valign="top" align="right"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">High energy resolution of</font></td> <td valign="top" align="right"><font size="3" face="Symbol">D</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">E/E </font><font size="4" face="Symbol">=</font></td> <td><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">10<sup>-7</sup>...10<sup>-14</sup></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"></td> <td valign="top" align="right"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Pulsed time structure with</font></td> <td valign="top" align="right"><font size="3" face="Symbol">D</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> t </font><font size="4" face="Symbol">=</font></td> <td><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">10<sup>-5</sup>...10<sup>-8</sup> s </font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">These demands determined the design and the structure of the beamline. Main features are</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#0000cc">high energy resolution down to meV level<br> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">by 'electronic' monochromators and the </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#0000cc">ultra-high energy resolution down to neV level<br> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">by 'nuclear' monochromators, as well as the </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#0000cc">time resolution down to sub-ns level</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="#0000cc">pulsed time structure of the synchrotron source.</font> </ul> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">A proper timing mode of the storage ring is a necessary requirement. Standard timing modes are e.g.</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">16-bunch mode (176 ns spacing<br> <spacer type="horizontal" size="150">between adjacent bunches)</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">32-bunch mode (</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="white">0</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">88 ns spacing)</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="white">0</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">1-bunch mode (2.8 ms spacing) and</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">hybrid mode.</font> </ul> <hr> <div align="left"> <h2><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Experimental setup</font></h2> </div> <div align="left"> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The following figure depicts the typical setup<br> for a nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) experiment.</font></p> </div> <div align="center"> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="images/technique/ex-nrset.gif" width="550" height="315" border="0" alt="Typical setup for a NRS measurement"></font></p> </div> <div align="left"> <hr> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The flash of SR light </font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">generated by the electrons in the storage ring<br> while passing the </font><font color="#cc0000" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>undulators</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font> </ul> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">is </font><font color="#cc0000" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b><a href="pages/exp/optics/exp_mono.html">monochromatized</a></b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> in two steps </font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="pages/exp/optics/exp_mono.html#hhl">high heat load monochromator (HHL)</a> and </font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="pages/exp/optics/exp_mono.html">high resolution monochromator (HRM)</a></font> </ul> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">and scattered by the </font><font color="#cc0000" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>sample</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. </font></p> <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The delayed signal seen by </font><font color="#cc0000" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b><a href="pages/exp/equipment/electronic/apd.html">fast detectors</a></b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is recorded by means of <a href="pages/exp/equipment/electronic/timing.html">fast electronics</a>. The radio frequency signal of the storage ring serves as timing reference (bunch clock). The photon flux is monitored constantly by an ionization chamber (IC).</font></p> <hr> <p><a name="Anchor-Inde-43819"></a>Index of the frame-based version:</p> <table border=0 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=0 width="159"> <tr> <td align=CENTER valign=TOP><a href="index.html"><img src="images/div/ID18home.gif" width="150" height="70" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER valign=TOP> <table border=0 cellpadding=2 width="150" cellspacing="2"> <tr> <td align=CENTER> <div class="bmmenulink"> <a href="pages/technique/index.html" target="_top"><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">TECHNIQUE</font></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER> <div class="bmmenulink"> <a href="pages/exp/index.html" target="_top"><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">EXP.CONFIG.</font></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER> <div class="bmmenulink"> <a href="pages/people/index.html" target="_top"><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">PEOPLE</font></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER><a href="pages/guide/index.html" target="_top"><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">USER GUIDE</font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER> <div class="bmmenulink"> <a href="pages/publ/index.html" target="_top"><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">PUBLICATION</font></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER> <div class="bmmenulink"> <font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a href="pages/links/index.html" target="_top">LINKS</a></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a href="javascript:{;}" onmouseover="self.status=statusMsg; return true" onmouseout="self.status=''; return true" onclick="GateKeeper(); return false" target="_parent">GROUP INFO</a></font></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER valign=TOP><img src="images/div/hbar.gif" vspace=10 nosave height=8 width=108></td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER valign=TOP> <table border=0 cellpadding=2 width="150"> <tr> <td align=LEFT valign=TOP> <div class="bmmenulink"> <center> <a href="http://www.esrf.fr/machine/myweb/live.html" target="_top"><font face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica" size="-1">MACHINE OPERATION</font></a></center> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=LEFT valign=TOP> <div class="bmmenulink"> <center> <a href="http://www.esrf.fr/computing/bliss/bliss.html" target="_top"><font face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica" size="-1">BLISS</font></a></center> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align=CENTER valign=TOP><img src="images/div/hbar.gif" vspace=10 nosave height=8 width=108></td> </tr> </table> </div> </BODY>